Merger between Huge Co. and Computers Co Case Study

Merger between Huge Co. what's more, Computers Co - Case Study Example The two sides stress over the converging of advantages, both apprehensive that their advantages they've gotten familiar with will be supplanted by the other's advantage program. The two projects have points of interest and drawbacks. Tremendous Co. offers a program that focuses on the drawn out requirements of its workers. Their program guarantees the workers' money related dependability after retirement. Their program likewise deals with the workers' wellbeing, just as the organization's financial plan. The main conceivable drawback to Huge Co's. benefits program is the administration's absence of criticism on their representatives' fulfillment with the said program. PCs Co's. benefits program is truly adaptable however it is adaptable to the point that it permits its representatives to just think about their transient needs. Their program is high on the fulfillment of their representatives yet in addition high on the organization's spending plan. Considering all great and awful things, a potential trade off might be reached. Since the two organizations independently have great and awful sides to their advantages programs, as well as can be expected be made out of the great parts in them two. The two organizations work with a cafeteria plan, as they call it, which is useful for the representatives so they can fit the advantages to what they genuinely need. This is much progressively pertinent considering the age contrasts in the workers, which means the distinctions in their needs throughout everyday life.

Money and work performance

Presentation The possibility of open help inspiration can offer an incomplete clarification to this investigation. The Ideal of Public Service by O’Toole plainly exhibits principle contrasts among conventional and present day ways to deal with the investigation of what persuade people.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Money and work execution explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The customary way to deal with an open help as a thought was a commendable activity, and an endorsed conduct expected of open authorities. Contemporary open help inspiration approaches are utilizing observational research to find why individuals look for occupations and stay in the open assistance, and whether the presumptions of prior speculations are right (O’Toole, 2000). The thought and perfect of open help inspiration is that those in authentic places of open position respect the interests of the entire society just like the directing impact over all open dynamic, that their own, class, or gathering interests are to be put aside when deciding. Furthermore, they are community workers absolutely out of an apparent obligation to serve people in general. This thought exuded from before works of Aristotle and Plato which were Politics and Republic separately. Open authorities put aside close to home interests. The thought is that he considers it to be his obligation to serve his locale. The obligation to serve the network outperforms a pledge to family, clan, or self. Aristotle understood that it would be presumably ridiculous and inconceivable for a man, normally, a narrow minded creature, to do that, yet as a perfect, it would have both moving and persuasive power. Adam Smith, an ethical thinker and father of present day monetary, filled the hole among naturalism and utilitarianism. He provided the common request first school and people in the second. In his work of Moral Sentiments, he distinguishes six thought processes, which no rmally infer human behaviors. These are self esteem, compassion, the longing to be free, a feeling of legitimacy, a propensity for work, and the affinity to trade, or exchange (Roll, 1954). From these thought processes, he depicts a man as the best appointed authority of his own best circumstances, and given an opportunity, he won't just get his own best preferred position and equalization his intentions, yet additionally take a stab at the benefit of everyone. Sorts of inspirational bases Some researchers have contended that there are three kinds of persuasive bases, for example, objective base thought process, this remembers cooperation for the procedures, for example, arrangement detailing, responsibility to projects, and backing for a unique or private interest.Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The standard based rationale considers issues, for example, a crav ing to serve the open premium, unwaveringness to obligation, and the administration and social value. At long last, the full of feeling thought process kind of inspirational base incorporates a guarantee to programs from a veritable feeling about its social significance, and enthusiasm of kindness. These researchers further suggest that individuals ought to associate their work inspiration to individuals’ execution. For profitable laborers, directors ought to painstakingly take care of these various kinds of persuasive base. The board should move their concentration to physical environmental factors, concerns, and emergencies that may emerge in work or individual lives. Mishaps, ailments, and risks, for example, stress for the most part bring about low efficiency and wastefulness, high turnover, non-attendance, and clinical cases. When there is a conscious exertion by the working environment to decrease the occurrence of these, both the office and the representatives advantag e. There is a more noteworthy profitability when there is a more advantageous workforce, and a superior nature of work life. â€Å"Many specialists contend that individuals accomplish their best work when they are persuaded by a feeling of direction as opposed to the quest for money†. Clarification and basic assessment Theoretical methodologies We can see this issue fundamentally from the current speculations that help work and inspiration. Value Theory We can likewise allude to this hypothesis as imbalance hypothesis. The principle spurring power behind this hypothesis is to take a stab at value because of saw level of disparity. The value hypothesis works on the standard of trades for example sources of info and speculation and results. Manager must perceive the presence of these data sources and think of them as applicable for them to work. On the off chance that they are not, at that point a potential instance of imbalance may exist. Results are different things an indivi dual may get. Imbalance exists whereby the proportion of an individual’s results to inputs leaves to a critical degree from the apportion apparent. Laborers may feel under-remunerated if their contributions to a vocation are higher than what different specialists put. Typically, this occurs in situations where a specialist views himself as dedicated, however has same or low compensation as his associates. This hypothesis doesn't restrict itself to disparities that don't support people alone. Value, equalization, or correspondence exists when result and info proportions for the individual and the reference source are equivalent. On the other hand, and the rousing power of imbalance happens when there is a flight whichever way from this consistent state.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Money and work execution explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this hypothesis, we can attest that cash, which is a prize, might be the fundamental dr iver of inspiration in working instead of feeling of direction. In this manner, an ineffectively paid representative won't perform at his best when the prize (cash) is additionally poor. Objective defining hypothesis Goal-setting hypothesis relates more elevated levels of expected accomplishments to more significant levels of exhibitions. Hypothesis further stretches that when an individual has explicit objectives or guidelines of execution to meet, the presentation impacts would be more articulated than when explicit objectives are absent. Objective accomplishment prompts the pleasurable passionate state we call fulfillment; inability to accomplish an objective prompts un-pleasurable condition of disappointment. Objective responsibility centers around execution as an immediate outcome type of inspiration. Be that as it may, a guarantee to an objective relies upon a lot of variables, for example, authority, peer gatherings, popularity of objective explanation, motivations, disciplin es, fulfillment, objective power, rivalry, and attribution. These arrangements of variables may impact the dedication level of apparent capacity or hope of achieving a given objective. In spite of the fact that researchers have taken a few situations with respect to objective setting and inspiration, the hypothesis doesn't make any suspicions dependent on the adequacy of differed techniques people may use to set their objectives. The focal point of hypothesis is on persuasive instruments instead of the techniques utilized for defining objectives. In this way, we can say that the hypothesis doesn't respect cash has the premise of the best execution yet rather the pledge to objective accomplishment. Two-factor hypothesis Frederick Herzberg likes to allude to this hypothesis as inspiration cleanliness. Two-factor hypothesis has a double nature way to deal with wellsprings of occupation fulfillment, lastly work inspiration. This hypothesis considers work fulfillment as a â€Å"outgrowt h of accomplishment, acknowledgment (verbal), work (testing), obligation, and headway (promotion)† (Frederick, 1966). The nearness of all these in a vocation â€Å"satisfy fundamental needs, positive inclination and improved execution will occur† (Frederick, 1966). There are five inborn parts of the work itself that fulfill self-awareness and self-realization (Frederick, 1966). Employment disappointments results under conditions where work happens and these conditions may incorporate organization arrangements, managerial practices, oversight, relational relations, working condition (physical), employer stability, advantages, and compensation. We allude to these as cleanliness factors.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Accessibility of these elements dispenses with work disappointment and improves execution, up to a specific level. For excellent accomplishment, the executives should now go to inspiration. Employment must give an empowering domain to laborers with the goal that they can accomplish significant objectives. This is the inborn extent of work. Workers must have authority over the activity to empower them understand a feeling of self-awareness and accomplishment. From Herzberg’s perspective, cash isn't among the five inherent extent of inspiration. Cash just highlights in situations where it might be the reason for work disappointment. So, we needn't bother with cash to play out the best work. Vroom’s Theory of Work and Motivation Vroom’s hypothesis advances that individuals will in general lean toward specific objectives or results over others. Encounters of sentiments of fulfillment identify with specific results (valence). Workers favor a positive valence as a resu lt and bad habit section (Vroom, 1964). Characteristic inspiration is simply the craving for capability and assurance. Laborers can accomplish a feeling of inspiration by openly picking work or what to do. This upgrades a feeling of self-assurance and fitness using positive criticism. Cash is a piece of outward prize. Representatives exceptionally respect outward rewards in light of control and educational (input) angles they have. Inspiration will just happen where there is an observable and positive criticism. In this manner, cash is basic in persuading laborers play out their best however not among the natural drives that propel individuals to work. Cash and Motivation Houran noticed that individuals ought not work without installment (Houran 2012). Seeking after cash to provide food for the family and offer the important solace and security is sensible and is not quite the same as looking for cash with sick thought processes. Individuals ought to gain reasonable wages relying up on works they do.

Consider the presentation of the two main characters Essay

Think about the introduction of the two principle characters. What are Austin and Trevor enlightening us concerning the weight on ladies in the over a wide span of time? Jane Austin composed ‘The Three Sisters’ in the nineteenth century. Jane Austin lived in a soldier of fortune world, and she mirrors this in her books. No mystery is made of the need to wed for cash. Jane Austin accepted that for union with work, individuals must have similar interests. The Three Sisters is about a lady called Mary. She has been proposed to by Mr Watts. He is more established than her however she chooses to wed him for his riches and cash. She additionally needs to get hitched before any of her sisters and the Duttons. Anyway she fears her life will be hopeless on the off chance that she decides to acknowledge Mr Watts’ proposition. William Trevor composed ‘Teresa’s Wedding’ around the 1970’s. William Trevor was naturally introduced to a protestant family and raised in a Catholic culture. At the point when inconveniences began to break out in Northern Ireland, William Trevor moved to England however he every now and again visited Ireland. Teresa’s Wedding is likewise about marriage. The story begins at the gathering after the wedding. Teresa has likewise hitched for comfort since she is pregnant. The two stories manage cold relationships and in the two stories the ladies have little power over their lives. They are both compelled to wed men they don't adore. In Teresa’s Wedding marriage is viewed as a ways to get out from a terrible network, a position of dejection and dissatisfaction. In The Three Sisters marriage is viewed as the main conceivable satisfaction for a lady. Mary is the oldest of the sisters. She has had her first proposal of marriage, however she doesn’t realize how to esteem it. She needs to be the first to be hitched, she wouldn't like to wed Mr Watts yet she needs to get hitched before Georgiana and Sophy. She realizes that on the off chance that she turns down the offer, Mr Watts will solicit it is possible that one from the sisters, and following the customary shows of the time she is relied upon to wed before her more youthful sisters. Mary has all the earmarks of being exceptionally confounded one second she says â€Å"I will have him† and the following â€Å"I loathe him more than all else in the world† Austin expounds on her own class, the upper white collar class, and is extremely basic about their ways of life and social conduct, making exceptionally diverting characters and portraying them with comrade. She makes a joke of their pretentious conduct. She depicts Mary as a silly and conceited young lady, who likes to gloat and frequently makes herself look silly before others. Teresa is a lady who has quite recently hitched to a man called Artie Cornish. Teresa had a round, pretty face and dark, pretty hair, and was a month and a half pregnant. Teresa is a sort and cordial young lady. She is quiet, despite the fact that she is confronted with the circumstance of admitting to Artie, her significant other, on her big day that she had â€Å"been in the field† with his companion Screw Doyle. She shows development in her positive thinking about her future, accepting that she and Artie â€Å"might make a marriage together† Trevor utilizes third individual account in his story, everything is portrayed in detail, we nearly feel some portion of the celebrations. In any case, he doesn't expound on the characters musings and sentiments. Austin’s story is written in first individual account, in letter structure. This causes us to comprehend the characters completely. In the two stories the ladies get pressure from the general public they live in. Teresa likewise gets pressure from the neighborhood cleric Father Hogan, who shows almost no affections for her when she admits that she doesn't adore Artie † considering the present situation that line of talk is irrelevant† Mary gets pressure likewise from her mom who is â€Å"determined not to let this open door departure of settling one my little girls so advantageously† I think it is significantly simpler to get hitched in present day society since we have no limitations in who we decide to wed. We additionally don't have our folks pick who we wed, so there is no reason for wedding somebody who you don't cherish.

Evidence-Based Practice of Management and Treatment of PDN

Management and Treatment of Pediatric Neurovascular Diseases in an Interdisciplinary Abstract The article Management and Treatment of Pediatric Neurovascular Diseases in an Interdisciplinary Setting states that Pediatric Neurovascular Disease (PDN) is characterized by diverse patterns such as Vein of Galen (VOG), cerebral aneurysms Arteriovenous (AVM), Ischemic stroke, Developmental Venous Anomalies (DVA) and Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCM) as well as other non frequent clinical units such as Moyamoya disease. Although these diseases are not usual in clinical practice, they require proper treatment and multidisciplinary coordination of neurosurgeons and frequent intervention of pediatricians and neuro-radiologists.

The Most Important Molecules in Your Body

Personal Experience My Distorted Body Image Essay examples

I am fake†¦ ugly†¦worthless. I conceal my face with layers of makeup hoping that half a bottle of BB cream will be enough to make me as flawless as Kylie Jenner look on the cover of Seventeen magazine. I use innumerous acne medications, aspiring to be as unblemished as the girls in the Clean and Clear commercials. I reject bags of MMs and fudge brownies thinking that my sacrifices will make me â€Å"love my body† as much as the emaciated Victoria Secret models love theirs (see appendix A). I routinely shave my legs and armpits and pluck my eyebrows with fear of becoming the hairy woman the media deems horrendous. I do everything, yet feel like I am nothing. Nothing compared to the beautiful women pictured on television, magazines, and†¦show more content†¦On the contrary, they are encouraged by the â€Å"drop two-sizes† and the â€Å"7-day detox plan† headlines on the fashion magazines that intrude every grocery store check-out lane. We no long er think it is unorthodox that in 2012 alone, teenagers underwent over 236,000 cosmetic surgeries (American Society of Plastic Surgeons). Instead, teenage girls who wear brassieres size 30A or do not have protruding cheekbones are seen as defective beings, and if they do not spend their first paycheck—or their parents’ savings— attempting to replicate the so-called-perfect-image, will remain physically—and socially—inferior to the women the media considers beautiful. Mass media falsely claims to be an advocate for self-acceptance and the idea that every woman is naturally beautiful, while it simultaneously uses Photoshop to erase all trace of that natural beauty—imagine how much they would Photoshop women if they did not extol real, non-enhanced, beauty! The women in these digitally improved photos look, quite frankly, as real as Barbie and her friends, and few women actually believe that the women in the pictures look that flawless in perso n. However, these pictures have the power to make any woman, including those in the pictures, feel inadequate because she is not as â€Å"attractive† as a Photoshopped image, the power to make a woman detest herselfShow MoreRelatedComparison Essay of â€Å"An Insatiable emptiness† and â€Å"Distorted Image†1188 Words   |  5 PagesInsatiable emptiness† and â€Å"Distorted Image† Body- image anxiety is an issue that many people struggle with nowadays. There are many factors that contribute to one’s anxiety of body image, for example it could stem from media, social and personal view. â€Å"An Insatiable Emptiness,† by Evelyn Lau, focuses on her own personal struggles with bulimia, and her strained relationships with her mother. â€Å"Distorted Image,† by Susan McCelland focuses on the social dynamics of body image and provide reports ofRead MoreEssay on Model for Perception1674 Words   |  7 Pagesminor ways. For example, a perception discrepancy can be found when comparing how people suffering from anorexia nervosa see their bodies and how other people see the anorexics bodies. Even though this distortion is an extreme perception difference that can actually be documented (most perception differences can not even be verbalized), analyzing the distorted body phenomenon can be useful. It can help explain the concept of perception by answering three key questions: 1) what does a different perceptionRead MoreEating Disorders Can Be Generally Characterized By Any Range Of Abnormal Or Disturbed Eating Habits897 Words   |  4 Pageseating disorders; Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, to three categories; now including Binge Eating Disorder. As defined in the DSM IV, Anorexia Nervosa is predominately found in adolescent girls and young women. The disorder is defined as distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with an obsessive fear of becoming fat. Bulimia nervosa is defined by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behav ¬iors such as self-induced vomiting to avoid weightRead MoreChanges Over Time : Male Ideals1488 Words   |  6 Pagesversus current era. Modern men have a distorted body image in our society to fit the idea of the â€Å"perfect† male body image going as far as augmenting their bodies with plastic surgery, constantly visiting the gym, and grooming. The article, â€Å"Scrawn to Brawn: Men Get Muscles or Pray for Them† was an exciting piece by the New York Times that really made me think about just how men are held to the same pressures now as women. The article parallels the male body of Woodstock which was lean torsos, narrowRead MoreThe High Importance of Women’s Physical Attractiveness Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagespeople in today’s society have a distorted understanding of reality. In particular, contemporary American society holds a misconception about the connection between women’s physical attractiveness and personality. Our culture views beauty in a distorted way due to the mistaken belief that outer appearances reflect the type of person a woman is. Dating back to the Renaissance era during the early 15th century, the ideal â€Å"beautiful† woman would have a voluptuous body with a pale ivory skin tone andRead MoreMy Experience As A Professional Counsellor938 Words   |  4 PagesEnhancements. My experience as a professional Counsellor as well as a passionate Model, reveals the message of the concern, the need as well as the racing urge in all of us to secure our looks, and the magnitude of the attraction which also drives us become competitive among each other. In my opinion, the generation of these negative energy stems from the conceptual knowledge of the â€Å"SELF†. According to a theory known as social identity theory, self-concept is composed of two key parts: personal identityRead MoreOthello And The Western Canonical Presentation Of His Race Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between Othello’s racial identity and the harm viewing race as a form of entertainment can have culturally in a globalised world. Othello is presented as a story devised by Desdemona in Morrison’s play. He claims ‘[w]hat excited you was my strange story†¦ fantastic adventures, stories of freaks and miracles’ (Morrison and TraoreÃŒ  51) and that she ‘fancied the idea’ (50) where he is reduced to a tale she has devised. He becomes a concept which belongs to Desdemona and like a story, hisRead MoreMedia Influence on Body Image Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pageson Body Image Media Influence on Body Image Everyone has a different view of what is beautiful. Why then can we not transfer that to how we view ourselves? Why can we not be happy with how we look? The simple answer is the media. They show images to millions of people of what they think beauty is. Those images affect society and they view themselves about how they look. Most of these images are unrealistic, and send unhealthy expectations to women on how they should look. This causes body imagesRead MoreHow Cosmetics Affect Confidence, Body Esteem, And Self Worth1338 Words   |  6 PagesHow Cosmetics Affect Confidence, Body-Esteem, and Self-Worth Makeup, cosmetics, beauty products, these are seen everywhere in daily life. Cosmetics are used to improve facial features and aesthetic appeal. Cosmetics predate written history. In the name of beauty, extreme lengths have been taken, in order to fulfill societal expectations. How does the cultural focus on physical appearance affect women today? Cosmetics like facial foundation, mascara and eye shadow, and eyeliner, in addition toRead MoreAustralian Theater Ruby Moon and Stolen1413 Words   |  6 Pagestransformational acting and more. The use of these techniques explores the social and personal issues of suburban paranoia, identity and grief/loss. Cameron uses many elements to portray the ‘fairytale image’. â€Å"Ruby Moon is about a little girl who sets off to visit her grandma, just like a fairytale, but never arrives†. Through this, it shows that Cameron has used elements of other fairytales, but in a distorted manner which challenges the audienceâ€⠄¢s perception of ‘the perfect story’.   Cameron also

Maritime and Commercial Law

Question: Discuss about the Maritime and Commercial Law. Answer: Introduction: There are a number of rules that apply in case of ordinary contracts that have been concluded between parties orally or in writing. These rules also apply in case of electronic contracts. Electronic contracts are created online, using e-mail or other electronic means. These days, an increasing number of businesses and suppliers are opting for online credit applications with the customers were not present face-to-face and in some cases, they're not even present in Australia. Under these circumstances, the effects of the rules applicable in case of electronic contracts become much more significant. Several of these rules have been considered by the courts, for example the Supreme Court of Queensland in Stellard's case where they have to deal with the issue of signing a contract by e-mail in case of a contract according to which an interest in land has been created. Issues related with electronic Contracts: While considering the issues related the electronic contracts, there are mainly three parts of the issue related with the impact created by electronic contracts. Never was a college has to be seen if an e-mail can be treated as a signature, when the terms and conditions, guarantees and the credit applications need to be signed by the parties. Similarly, there is another issue according to which it has to be seen who has the authority to sign the contract on behalf of a customer or guarantor and similarly it also needs to be seen what will happen if the person signing the contract does not have the necessary authority. Another issue that is present in this regard is that with the times when it can be said that the parties are bound by the contract during the negotiation even if they have expressly stated that the negotiations are subject to contract. Can e-Mails be Treated as Signatures: In this way, the first issue that is present in this regard is if an e-mail can be treated as a signature when the parties have entered into an electronic contract. According to the general law, in case of a contract which creates an interest in land or guarantee, according to the law in Australia, a memorandum on a note in writing should be present which has to be signed by the relevant party or the agent of such a party. This requirement is especially relevant in cases where the creditors had relied on charging clause for the purpose of lodging caveats related with interest on land or guarantees. In this regard an example can be given of the Stellard's case where Stellard wanted to purchase land from NQF and for this purpose, several e-mails were exchanged between the parties. Ultimately, an e-mail was sent by Stellard to NQF in which the amount that the company was going to pay has been mentioned and similarly in this e-mail, the general terms of the offer were also mentioned. The refore in other words it was the offer e-mail. In this case, a formal contractual document was not present between the parties, that was in writing or electronically encrypted signatures have been placed on it. Under these circumstances, the son of the director, Drew was considered as an agent of NQF, had sent an e-mail, accepting this offer. At the end of this e-mail, the name Drew was intentionally mentioned. In this regard, NQF had agreed that e-mail containing the acceptance of the offer was sent by Drew but the company claimed that the e-mail was only a memorandum or a note in writing and therefore it was not an acceptance e-mail. Similarly, arguing on these grounds, the NQF also alleged that the acceptance e-mail had not resulted in the formation of a valid contract related with land, due to the reason that it was not signed. Under these circumstances, the issue in this case was if the acceptance e-mail can be treated as a signed memorandum or writing. In order to deal with these issues, a national scheme of legislation has been applicable in Australia that deals with electronic transactions. In this regard, the Electronic Transactions Act, (Vic) 2000 needs to be mentioned. Similar the legislations have also been limited in other countries. As a result, in Stellard's case, the court was of the opinion that considering the trail of e-mails that were exchanged between the parties, the acceptance e-mail sent by the agent of NQF had signatures and therefore, an enforceable contract that was related with land, has been formed between the parties because it was a writing or a memorandum signed by the registered owner of the land or its agent. Under these circumstances, it was the decision of the court that when the parties were conducting negotiations with the help of e-mail and especially when one party has made an offer using e-mail, it can be inferred by the court that the consent regarding the use of e-mail for this purpose has been granted due to the conduct of the parties. Hence, it was mentioned by the court that while communicating their negotiations by using e-mail, th ere was an implied consent given by NQF relate with the method of signing by using an e-mail. The display of goods on the internet does not amount to an offer but it is merely an invitation to treat as is the case under contract law. It is also worth mentioning at this point that the law of electronic transactions will apply to the terms and conditions mentioned by the supplier, will depend on the words that have been used in them and also regarding the e-mails and other electronic communications that have been used by the businesses for credit applications and guarantees, especially, if a trail of e-mail is not present between the parties. Consequently, if it is done aptly, a document can be signed by using electronic means other than e-mails, although it is required in such a case that the supplier has strictly followed the provisions of the applicable electronic transaction laws. Essential Elements: As mentioned above, the elements that are necessary in case of ordinary contracts, are also required in case of electronic contracts. In this way, it is essential that the elements like offer, acceptance and consideration along with the intention of the parties to create a legal relationship as well as the capacity of the parties should be present in case of electronic contracts. But in such a case, which may arise that when the terms and conditions and guarantees need to be assigned for the purpose of being enforceable. Hence, generally the terms and conditions and guarantees provide the express terms for securing any payment that may be owed to the supplier. In this regard, an example can be given of the case where it has been provided that the supplier shall retain the ownership in the goods until they have been paid off. In the same way, sometimes a charge is granted to the supplier in case of any interest in land that the customer has, either present or future. Such a situation is known as a charging clause. In case of a charging clause, the supplier is allowed to lodge a caveat related with an interest in land, registered in customer's name. It has been established as a significant related with the purpose of debt recovery. For lodging a caveat in accordance with the Australian law, the terms and conditions (as in Stellard's case) need to be signed by the customer. A similar requirement is also present in most of the other countries regarding the caveat lodging system. Similarly, in the context of the guarantees, generally a charge is granted in context of an interest in real property of the guarantor. It is called a general charging clause. The Australian law provides in this regard that guarantee needs to be signed by the guarantor or its agent for the purpose of being made enforceable. The test that can be used for deciding if an e-mail has been signed by the guarantor or its agent is the test provided in Stellard's case. Similarly, the requirement tha t provides that the guarantee needs to be signed is also applicable in most of the other countries. Electronic Signatures: Therefore the situation regarding electronic contracts can be described that under the law, electronic signatures are valid for creating a legally enforceable agreement. But in some cases, a difficulty may arise regarding electronic signatures when evidence has to be provided for confirming the identity of the person who has signed the contract or regarding the intention of the parties that they will be bound by the agreement. Although, it is possible to mitigate these risks by using the digital signature tools that include the context of identity verification and also the methods used for authenticating like public-key cryptography however still there are some important issues that have to be considered. The result is that although the law recognizes electronic signatures but still there can be some difficulty in proving the signatures. As noted above, for the purpose of creating a valid contract, certain elements are considered as being essential. The intention of the parties to cr eate a legal relationship is also one of these elements along with the acceptance of the offer and providing consideration. Therefore, in context of commercial transactions, the use of electronic means for creating and executing a valid contract requires the presence of these elements under the Australian law and also in accordance with international law. Therefore, as is the case with paper contracts, these elements are required in electronic contracts also. But other than the requirements that have to be fulfilled in case of paper contracts, in case of electronic contracts, the contract is considered as a valid only if it has been stored appropriately and is capable of being accessed after it has been executed. Similarly, another requirement is that the parties should expressly or impliedly give their consent that in case of a particular agreement, information will be supplied by using electronic means. It also needs to be pointed out that the law provides that in such case the pu rported originator of the communication is treated to be bound by it if the communication was sent by the originator or with the consent of the purported originator. But this causes a problem related with establishing the fact that this element is present, particularly when the parties were not dealing face-to-face and consequently, they are not in a position to verify the identity with the help of traditional means. Increasing use of Electronic Contracts: These days, the number of e-mails sent by businesses had surpassed the traditional letters and faxes. In this way, e-mails are being preferred by the businesses for various purposes including contract negotiations. Generally it is believed that courts are behind the times but in this context, the shift in communication has been recognized by the courts and as a result, the courts have accepted e-mail as one of the means to create a legally enforceable contract. But still there are a large number of businesses that are not aware of this fact. These businesses mistakenly believe that anything agreed over the e-mail is not considered as binding and similarly, they also under the impression that an enforceable contract can be created only if there is a written document present that is signed by them. However, according to the law, if the parties have been negotiating an agreement by using e-mail, but they do not desire that these e-mails should result in a binding agreement, they should clearly mention this fact in the e-mail that a binding contract will not be created unless they have executed a formal contract. But if such a condition was not expressly mentioned by the parties, it is not likely that it will be implied by the courts in these e-mails. In this regard, the example of Stellard's case can be given in which it was held that a binding contract for the sale of land has been executed by e-mail. It is also worth mentioning at this point that in case of the offer e-mail and the acceptance e-mail, it was mentioned by the parties that it is subject to contract and subject to execution. After the parties have exchanged these e-mails, the buyer had sent a contract for being executed but it was not signed. Therefore, the seller withdrew from the transaction and entered into a contract with a third-party. Under these circumstances, it was held that regarding e-mails, it is the intention of the parties that they will be bound by the agreement immediately. This situ ation prevails even if the parties had expected that such an agreement will be replaced by a formal contract that will carry additional terms also. The court also held that the requirement has been fulfilled by the e-mails which provide that a contract regarding sale of land needs to be in writing and signed, keeping in view the Electronic Transactions Act, 2001. A similar decision was earlier given in Vantage Systems Pty Ltd v Priolo Corporation Pty Ltd when it was held that a the eighth foreseeable agreement is present between the parties related with the lease of commercial premises through e-mails although the parties have mentioned that it was subject to approval. The court also ignored the fact that in this case the parties could not agree regarding the reinstatement clause. Similarly the court was not infected by the fact that Nader on the parties have not signed a formal lease although they intended to do so. Similarly the trend, according to which the e-mails are considered as binding, have also been extended to the settlement negotiations among lawyers using e-mails. Therefore in Universal Music Australia Pty Limited v Pavlovic, it was held by the NSW Supreme Court that the parties have created a binding settlement through the e-mails that were exchanged by their lawyers. The court further mentioned that the e-mail of the lawyer men tioning that the client will sign the settlement deal as well as, keeping in view the other communications and the parties conduct, it was held that a binding agreement has been concluded. 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